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(5) utility of embedding learning methods

Dunlosky, D., Rawson, K.A., Marsh, E.J., Nathan, M.J., Willingham, D.T.and Willingham, spent time investigating the efficacy of 10 common methods used for revision in ….Improving students’ learning with effective learning techniques: Promising directions from cognitive and educational psychology, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, January 2013

Here is a summary of their findings

High utility

  1. Distributed Practice: i.e. retrieval practicepractice questions on a topic in several sessions over time rather than all at one time

  2. Practice Testing: self testing or past exam questionquestions done in a low stakes manner

Expand
titlein our opinion

Both the high utility methods: Increasing interval retrieval practice and practice testing techniques are essential the same: practice questions combines both distributed practice + practice testing i.e.

  • several practices on a topic spaced over time each with a practice question + attempt to recall + feedback triple

The 1st is lower stakes than the 2nd, so for low attaining learners, who are more likely to be demotivated by high stakes testing, retrieval practice should prove most useful.

Medium utility

  1. Interleaved Practice: mix of a few techniques during a study period

  2. Elaborative interrogation: thinking about “why”

  3. Self-explanation: linking new information to known information

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